Purpose The Purpose Of This Lab Is To Yield Isoamyl Acetate, A Banana

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to yield isoamyl acetate, a banana fragrance, by reacting acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol. By reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol we synthesize an ester, in this case isoamyl acetate. Procedure: 1) Obtain 8.5 mL of isoamyl alcohol and 15.0 mL of acetic acid in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask. 2) Add dropwise 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid with boiling chips and reflux for one hour. 3) At the end of the reflux cool the round-bottomed flask in a cold water bath. 4) Pour the contents of the flask into a beaker with 40mL of ice water. 5) Pour the beaker contents into a separatory funnel and mix with occasional venting. If the two layers do not separate add 2-3 g of solid sodium chloride to increase the density of the aqueous layer which will separate the two layers. 6) Separate the organic layer and wash with 15 mL sodium bicarbonate. Keep washing with sodium bicarbonate until it is neutral or slightly basic. This might take 1 to 2 more washings. 7) After the last washing, wash again with 15 mL of distilled water. 8) Transfer the organic layer to a dry flask and add 1-2 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Stopper the flask and occasionally stir. 9) Gravity filter the solution into a 100 mL round-bottomed flask and perform a simple distillation. Collect the portion that distills between 130oC and 145oC into a pre-weighed vial. 10) Record the refractive index, mass, and percent yield. Data: Percent Yield: Hypothetical 8.5 mL isoamyl alcohol x .81g/mL = 6.9 g isoamyl alcohol 6.9 g x 1 mol isoamyl alcohol/88 g = .0781 mol isoamyl alcohol 1 mol isoamyl alcohol : 1 mol isoamyl acetate .0781 mol isoamyl acetate x 130 g/ 1mol = 10.1530 g isoamyl acetate Actual 12.4344 g 6.6333 g 5.8011 g Percent Yield = Actual / Hypothetical = 5.8011 g/ 10.1530 g = 57.14 % Refractive Index: Measured refractive index: 1.400 at 20oC Merck Index refractive index: 1.405 at 20oC Discussion: The reaction that took place, carboxylic acid with an alcohol forming an ester, can be done two different ways: The one used in this lab was method A. The R group in this case is a methyl group and the R' is the (CH3) 2CH(CH2)2 group. The acid used is sulfuric acid. This method does not present as high yields as method B. The reason for this is that the reaction is reversible. To help increase yield in this method an excess of one of the primary reactants is used. In this case the acetic acid. The isoamyl alcohol is a limiting reactant and is used to calculate the percent yield. The first step in the reaction mechanism is that the carboxylic acid is protonated. The double bonded O is reacted with the acid H+ and the double bond between the carbon and the oxygen goes to the oxygen molecule to a pair of electrons and with the acid H+ ion, an OH+ forms. In the same step the O from the OH group on the alcohol attaches to the C atom of the carboxylic acid giving the carbon atom 4 bonds after it lost one by giving the other oxygen an electron pair. The H+, from the newly added alcohol, is then separated with the oxygen taking the electron pair. Then the H+ attaches to the side OH group forming H2O. This H2O is then removed, leaving one OH group, which in turn returns to its primary state by losing an H+ and forming the double bond again (giving carbon 4 bonds). Research: The product has many uses. These uses include being a component in pear oil and banana oil, and pear flavor in mineral water, syrups, and lacquers. Isoamyl Acetate is also used in photography, bronzing, and dyeing of artificial silk. It aids in the manufacturing of artificial silk. The product is one of many ingredients used in cigarettes, and it also is used as a pheromone. Its characteristics make it a very popular compound. Its smell has been argued to be that of pear, apple, or banana, yet most popularly banana. It also has gives flavor of pear. These characteristics make it popular to be used as a fragrance, and flavor additives. It can be found naturally in pears, apples, and

Free Essays on War On Poverty

Lyndon Johnson’s â€Å"War on Poverty† Lyndon Johnson was sworn into office directly after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. With this in mind he had a heavy burden on his shoulder. John F. Kennedy’s shoes were no easy shoes to fill. He was the most beloved president this country has ever been part of. With this in mind he had pressure from every angle. Weeks after President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office he gave his first state of the union address. The date was January 8, 1964, when he made this impact on the American people. He was doing something that was remarkable, and might have been a gamble at that time. Lyndon Johnson didn’t know what the reaction of congress and the American people would have on his â€Å"War on Poverty†. American’s that had large families felt this most since almost half the national poverty was in rural areas. The purpose was to bring America out of lower income status, and into a country that provided for their citizens. Family’s that had 4-7 children couldn’t support themselves to the changing market of America. Costs were going up, which made bills and basic needs harder to pay for. This is why Lyndon Johnson set in motion a series of bills and acts that were to be passed. For instance head start, food stamps, work study, Medicare, and Medicaid. Most of the se categories are still in place today. This was really influential to lower class citizens. The vision of the United States of America was that of poor lower class citizens. They were holding back the progressiveness of the country. While the United States of America was growing and already had been an industrial giant. These rural poverty stricken people were the demise of this great country. Someone had to do something about the direction the country was going. I understand that the United States of America was taking initiative to free the country of poverty stricken families. Without Lyndon Johnson’s campaign to fig... Free Essays on War On Poverty Free Essays on War On Poverty Lyndon Johnson’s â€Å"War on Poverty† Lyndon Johnson was sworn into office directly after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. With this in mind he had a heavy burden on his shoulder. John F. Kennedy’s shoes were no easy shoes to fill. He was the most beloved president this country has ever been part of. With this in mind he had pressure from every angle. Weeks after President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office he gave his first state of the union address. The date was January 8, 1964, when he made this impact on the American people. He was doing something that was remarkable, and might have been a gamble at that time. Lyndon Johnson didn’t know what the reaction of congress and the American people would have on his â€Å"War on Poverty†. American’s that had large families felt this most since almost half the national poverty was in rural areas. The purpose was to bring America out of lower income status, and into a country that provided for their citizens. Family’s that had 4-7 children couldn’t support themselves to the changing market of America. Costs were going up, which made bills and basic needs harder to pay for. This is why Lyndon Johnson set in motion a series of bills and acts that were to be passed. For instance head start, food stamps, work study, Medicare, and Medicaid. Most of the se categories are still in place today. This was really influential to lower class citizens. The vision of the United States of America was that of poor lower class citizens. They were holding back the progressiveness of the country. While the United States of America was growing and already had been an industrial giant. These rural poverty stricken people were the demise of this great country. Someone had to do something about the direction the country was going. I understand that the United States of America was taking initiative to free the country of poverty stricken families. Without Lyndon Johnson’s campaign to fig...

The Animal and Plant Cell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Animal and Plant Cell - Essay Example There are a number of similarities that are possessed by the two cells and which perform closely related functions in either cell. First, both cells possess a cell membrane. A cell membrane is the covering that protects the inner organelles of the cell from damage. The cell membrane in both cells has certain properties that make it perform its functions in the best way. For instance, it’s semipermeable to allow partial passage of particles or what is called selective permeability. This is important in preventing particles to get into the cell and the ones that are supposed to remain from leaving. This helps in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the cell and ensuring that it is turgid as in guard cells which control the gaseous exchange of plants. Both cells contain mitochondria. The mitochondria are the power organelle that is responsible for generating the energy that is used in the cell and also in the activities that the organism engages in. It has enzymes (protein catalys ts) which are able to convert simple food materials such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into high energy molecules such as the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Guanine Triphosphate (GTP) and Cytosine Triphosphate (CTP). This high energy molecule is generated in the various cycles e.g. the Kreb's cycle which take the food materials as the raw materials. This is a very important organelle as without it the organism would not be able to generate energy and hence its activity would be totally impaired.

Services in Your Area Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Services in Your Area - Assignment Example The home depicted in the above illustration can be represented as the cable organizations i.e. AT&T and Motorola which provides their respective services with the help of a router and a link is created with the help of a cable. By this way, the connectivity gets transmitted to a fiber node, thereby providing connections to home computers and telephones (LChu.net, n.d). Comparison and Evaluation of the Speed of DSL of AT & T and Cable Modem of Motorola In terms of speed, AT&T is regarded as one of the fastest providers of internet in the respective industry. The DSL service of the company has been viewed to deliver high speed that ranges from 200 Kbps -768 Kbps and even goes to 18.1 Mbps -24 Mbps (AT&T Intellectual Property, 2013). However, the cable modems of Motorola helps in delivering high speed data that offers the option of sharing a single data plan between multiple computers. Its data plans are used for delivering voice as well as data services. However, Motorola’s cabl e modems can fetch a speed of 38 Mbps which is far impressive as compared to the DSL of AT&T (Motorola Mobility LLC, 2013). Comparison and Evaluation of the Cost of DSL of AT & T and Cable Modem of Motorola After making a thorough comparison between the costs of DSL and cable modem of AT&T and Motorola respectively, it can be apparently observed that the price range of cable modems of Motorola is quite high. But, on the other hand, the cost of DSL’s belonging to AT&T is not so much high as compared to Motorola. A high quality wireless based cable modem of Motorola costs around 100 Dollars, whereas, most of the DSL’s of AT&T costs less than 50 Dollars which holds Motorola in a very high position in terms of pricing of the products (AT&T Intellectual Property, 2013). Comparison and Evaluation of the Reliability of DSL of AT & T and Cable Modem of Motorola In terms of reliability, both the products seem to deliver customer oriented services However, the services which del iver by Motorola are quite user-friendly and most significantly different options are provided for trouble shooting and diagnosing any sort of problem related to connectivity. In addition, the company also provides facilities for remote configuration of the devices. In comparison, AT&T also delivers services that are well suited with the convenience as well as the preferences of the customers. It has been viewed that the products of AT&T generally allows the multiple users to access the devices from different locations. Moreover, the DSL service which provides by the company enables to establish a strong collaboration within the employees by ensuring proper connection among them through incorporating wide range of connectivity. The services of the company are supported by global infrastructure of Internet Protocol which ensures proper reach to the consumers along with high performance and total security (AT&T Intellectual Property, 2013). Recommendations Based on the services that p rovides by both the companies, it can be recommended that Motorola must opt for making cable modems that best suits the preferences as well as the requirements of the consumers. The company can lower down the costs of its service i.e. cable modems in order to increase its profitability along with overall productivity. On the other hand, AT&T can follow extended efforts for making its DSL service more reliable, trustworthy as well as customized. However, the

Water for the Sake of Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water for the Sake of Water - Essay Example As it has been explicated that technological advancements cannot be helpful for producing fresh water, and it is certainly impossible to survive without this essential natural resource, the most crucial conduct, which is the core motive of any campaign for water management, is to spread this realization in the public domain. All of the campaigns to save water on this planet are precisely focused to provide this awareness along with different methods, procedures and conducts by which the significant amount of water which is being wasted in daily life routines can be decreased (ICLEI, 2009). For instance, the California Water Awareness Campaign has a keen focus on providing awareness about the conservation of water, the quality of water, supply and distribution of water to the public of California. It also presents several methods to the public about the reducing the wastage of water. The appropriate use of technologies like automatic shut-off nozzles and automatic water taps with sens ors are being preferred to be utilized for effective water management. This campaign also helps families to understand the problem and address it effectively in a cost-efficient manner (California Water Awareness Campaign, 2013). All of these awareness programs which these campaigns conduct are mainly focused on making people acquire the information and apply it in their daily lives by which the essential resource of water is most likely to be efficiently managed and saved for the future generations.

Concept Of Motivation

Concept Of Motivation This essay discusses the concept of motivation and its implications for the organisations. The author defines the theory of motivation and then reviews some of the theories (i.e. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Expectancy Theory, McGregors Theory X and Y, Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory) that are significant to understand the human behaviour in the organisations. Further the essay provides arguments for the existing value of the concept of motivation for the managers and discusses the alternatives that are available for the managers to use the knowledge and develop strategies for increasing motivation at the workplace. At the end of the essay the author mentions limitations that still exist. Introduction: what is Motivation? The world was interested in building and studying the theories of motivation from the early 1950s, with the development of industrialisation and an appearance of mass manufacture. At the start, theories were aimed to increase the levels of production at the assembly lin es and the employees were motivated by basic needs and did not possess any power. The processes were monotonous and a set of tangible factors drove the workers to perform. As the job design changed, new theories were built to support the concept of motivation. The studies of motivation mainly focused on what motivated people and how the employees were motivated. This led to the division of the theories in 2 formats: content and process theories. Before these theories will be discussed in this essay, the concept of motivation should be defined: Motivation is a process in which a person is triggered to work for the achievement of his own aims and goals. Persons determination to perform and his/her effort are designed to satisfy his/her needs, e.g. get tangible rewards (an extrinsic motivation), or alternatively, he/she is interested in the job itself and the tasks (an intrinsic motivation). Overview of theories of motivation: The motivation theories are significant in sociology as they give a rational explanation on five patterns of behaviour of people in the organisation, based on their needs, reinforcement, cognitions, job characteristics and feelings /emotions. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001) To discuss the value of the motivation theories in understanding the behaviour of the employees at the workplace, some of them should be described further. Content theories The main theories that are studied and can be used in the working environment are Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1943), McGregors Theory X and Y and Herzbergs Two Factor theory (1968). According to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, individuals are driven by five needs, which serve as a basis for their effort in work. Starting from the physiological needs, after the satisfaction takes place, the individuals move up the next levels of the hierarchy, which are safety, belongingness love, esteem and self -actualisation needs. Therefore this theory suggested that people are motivated by basic to complicated needs. The theory is still used today, though it does not cover all the aspects of the concept. (Maslow, 1970) Theory X and Y suggests that there are two patterns of behaviour in the organisation. Theory X says that the employees are not willing to work and do not show any interest in the job. They are forced and controlled by the management who may offer remuneration or alternatively leave without it. Therefore this acts as a motivator for work. Theory Y suggests that the employees can control themselves and can be driven by their own goals and are responsible for their work and efforts. (McGregor, 1987) Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory suggests that various factors exist that can motivate employees, however, there are other factors, named hygiene which may dissatisfy the employees and in that case must be altered. The motivating and hygiene factors have different meanings in the organisation, the absence of one of these factors can brea k the balance of being motivated and satisfied at the same time. The motivating factors include recognition, tasks and success, alternatively the hygiene factors are job conditions, remuneration and company policy. (Robbins, 2001) Process theories From the process theories, the focus of this essay will be on Expectancy Theory and Goal-Setting Theory. According to Robbins (2001), Vrooms Expectancy Theory, peoples motivation is activated only if the energy spent on the work leads to a good performance and consequently, the performance leads to bonuses and rewards. Therefore, this theory aids to understand why some workers do not put much effort in their work, as they are de-motivated from the beginning, knowing that good performance is not likely to be achieved and/or rewarded. Accordingly, the performance rewards link has issues when the individuals do not see themselves capable of receiving rewards due to factors as incompetence or personal relations with the management and co-workers. When eventually the rewards are received, they can appear unattractive to the individuals thus cause frustration at the workplace. Goal Setting Theory developed by Locke (1968) suggests that the individuals are greater motivated when the goals are set by managers or by the individuals themselves when they are closely engaged in the processes at the workplace, rather than when the individuals do not see clearly what their efforts are directed at and what the management expects from them. Thus, the employees behaviou r suggests that they like to be guided by the managers and they achieve greater results even if the work is complicated. Moreover, the theory suggests that a feedback should be provided for the work done, which makes the workers willing to do the job, as they appreciate being commented on their performance. (Robbins, 2001) Application of the theories to practice The existence of multiple motivation theories makes it difficult to find the ideal one that can be applied to the organisation. This is due to the limitations and irrelevance of some of them in the modern work environments. To derive the value of each of the theories, a contingency matrix is used by the managers as a guideline on which of the theories to apply at the workplace to enhance performance and provide job fulfillment. For example, the Expectancy theory applied in the organisation activates the employee for action, effort and can increase an employee turnover. One of the most applicable theories is Hackman and Oldha ms (1980) theory that is a content theory, as it affects both effort and routine work, fulfillment, employee turnover and the reasons for frustration, as the theory is based on the job characteristics and encourages the managers to create interesting jobs at the workplace. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001) Most of the motivation theories that are adapted in the organisations have to be altered to fit into the organizational context. They are used by managers for the assessment of motivation at the workplace and to find means of improving it by satisfying the needs of the employees or alternatively trigger them to work and perform. It is a process that changes with the time and new tendencies. Therefore it is essential to alter the job designs and introduce new benefits, e.g. flexible hours, possibility to work from home, regular skills assessments, informal communication, and to prevent a strict top-down communication between the manager and the colleagues. Value for managers The studying of the theories of motivation bring a great value for managers as was discussed above, as the concept is used on practice to analyse peoples behaviour, despite of existence of some pitfalls. The theories work on practice, when supported by contemporary theories, and they serve as a foundation for building strategies to increase motivation at the workplace. The old theories are a base for new theories; therefore their meaning is not lost. E.g. the contemporary theory developed by Ritchie and Martin divide the employees in high-need and low-need level individuals and assess their desire to be motivated by both tangible and intangible rewards, an interest, achievement, recognition, self-development, variety change, creativity, social contacts, money, structure and others. This approach serves as a useful tool for the managers to assess performance in their organsiations nowadays. (Buchanan Huczynski, 2003) And moreover, improve the motivation by introducing the rewards an d recognition schemes. The employees may be rewarded either individually or as a part of the group. Individual rewards are limited by the skills that he person possesses and can be increased only if a persons productivity increases. Kerrin Oliver, 2002, suggest that rewarding the group may have concerns with the theories of motivation but people engage in the processes, collaborate with their colleagues, set their goals in a competitive environment, have a potential for their creativity to be developed and all of this can serve as motivators and bring satisfaction from the job performed. The rewards should be then based on a both individual productivity and the performance of the group. Alternatively, managers are capable of designing the job for the employees and thus motivate them to work. According to theory of Hackman and Oldham (1980) described by Kreitner Kinicki, 2001, the job must offer an application of different skills, the tasks must be engaging and important in the pro cess, a substantial level of autonomy should be allowed and the feedback available. This will lead to a greater willingness to accept responsibilities and give a satisfaction from the job and result in a high motivation. Managers have an opportunity to analyse their style of control and behaviour using McGregors Theory X and Theory Y approach and thus choose the way the work is facilitated at the workplace, either by strict control or collaboration and empowerment. Gradual development of the motivation concepts led the managers from the strict rules of the assembly line to the empowerment and allowance of an autonomy and creativity at the workplace, thus enhancing the performance of the organisation as a whole. Limitations However, the following limitations exist that cannot be avoided in the studies of the motivation theories: ? The development of negative behaviour in the organisation hostility, obedience and lack of innovation when every single individual is trying to achieve his own goals collectively to the goals of the organisation. The competition leads to hostility, de-motivated people do not have any potential to progress if they are not satisfied. Punishments as motivation to work leads to obedience and stagnation in the organisation ? It is a time-consuming process to understand what really motivates each individual at the workplace as the theories were initially developed for the assembly lines when motivation factors did not vary. The theories have to be altered and further developed to be applied in the organisations ? Motivation theories seem inapplicable as sometimes it is obvious that nowadays people are driven by tangible rewards, i.e. they are in a pursuit of wealth which makes all the theories irrelevant

The Sow by Sylvia Plath :: Poem Poetry

Sylvia Plaths poem, Sow, depicts a beast of mythic proportions through various images, comparisons, and specific word choices. By presenting the sow from both the point of view of its owner, neighbor, and of the speaker, Plath paints a vivid picture of farmyard decadence that the reader can relate to. The first three stanzas present an image of neighbor as a secretive, but shrewd farmer. He is shrouded in mystery to the narrator and her companions, as is his great prize-winning sow, impounded from public stare. He obviously views the sow as a source of great pride, but also something very secret and personal. Even his barn takes on a mystical quality as the narrator wanders its lantern-corridors as if in a maze. In fact, the speaker will only venture in at dusk to try and catch a glimpse of the wonderous beast. Upon seeing it for the first time (and throughout the remainder of the poem), the speaker describes the sow using a number of comparisons to which the reader can easily relate. First, this was no china piggy bank it had to be taken seriously nor a dolt pig ripe for heckling; it was much too prized to eat. Due to the sows obvious majesty, the narrator is assured that it will never meet the fate of its parsley- haloed; cousins (dinner). Nor is the sow like other common; sows, content just to raise their litters. Finally, the speaker compares the sow, through a literary allusion, to the massive Brobdingnag race of Gullivers Travels, effectively assessing its massive frame. The sow is also given (excuse the pun) dimension through the narrators diction. Words like gape and marvel express her personal wonder at beholding it, while its demeanor and royal massiveness are also shown through specific diction such as lounged, bulk, belly-bedded and dream-filmed. And, in the last stanza, a final allusion attributes to the animal a universal and monumental power, with a barnyard twist: proceeded to swill the seven troughed seas and every earthquaking continent.

Othello Character Essay

Othello Character Essay In the play, Othello, by William Shakespeare, Othello is a general in the Venetian army, who also happens to be black and of Muslim descent, although he is a converted Christian. From the beginning of the play, Othello is victimized and characterized as an outcast in Venetian society. Throughout the play, Othello is mistreated and betrayed, despite his vast amount of love and trust for his friends or supposed friends. Othello is obviously the most repeatedly and most brutally victimized in the play by Iago, among others. Right from the first scene of the play he is not given the dignity of a name, rather called by racial slurs such as â€Å"The Moor† (1. i. 63), â€Å"The Thick Lips† (1. i. 72) â€Å"Black Ram† (1. i. 97) and a â€Å"Barbary Horse† (1. i. 125). These blatantly disrespectful terms are used by both Roderigo and Iago, who is considered one of Othello’s close acquaintances. This shows the obvious lack of honor and respect shown by his so-called ‘friends’. Another example of Iago’s and other’s mistreatment of Othello comes in Act 2 Scene 3 between lines 235 to 261 where Iago lies straight to Othello’s face about what had transpired. This shows that Iago can and will completely disregard Othello’s superiority and honesty and lie about what had happened and about his direct involvement in the fight. This leads to another example of Iago’s disregard for Othello’s authority and lack of trust in Othello’s decisionmaking as he tries to get Cassio to lose his lieutenancy. Another example of Iago victimizing Othello occurs in the very beginning of ‘The Temptation Scene’, Act 3, Scene 3. It happens in lines 40-47. Iago subtly plants a seed of doubt in Othello’s mind about Desdemona and Cassio’s relationship, and Cassio’s attitude towards Othello. This is a very interesting part of the play because it is one of Iago’s most obvious observations intended to prod Othello’s jealousy. It also shows his ability to intentionally take advantage of his friends weaknesses, in this instance, Othello’s deep trust in Iago’s word and his jealousy surrounding Desdemona. A different example of Othello’s misguided jealousy and mistrust, placed in his head by Iago is the majority of Act 3, Scene 4, wherein Othello pressures Desdemona about his handkerchief. This is important because Desdemona unknowingly played right into Iago’s plan by semi-ignoring Othello’s unrest to try to talk to him about Cassio, which angers Othello even more and adds to the envious thoughts already brewing in his head. All of these examples are instances of Iago’s ability to play on Othello’s emotions and feelings, leading to Othello becoming blinded by his own jealousy and rage. Othello is easily the most victimized in the play, tricked and beguiled away from his true thoughts by Iago’s lies and deception.

Wireless Routers essays

Wireless Routers essays If you walk through a school and ask any kid thats sitting at a computer they could probley tell you what a router does, may not be able to explain how it does this, but at very least they do know its function. So you wont be reading any explination of how a router works here, but rather an over view of a special type of router. One not confined by the laws that control almost all of todays electronics. Im not writing this here to give you vague hints of the topic, as the title gives that away, but rather to inform and teach. To borrow a line, It's depressing how often we see that those who don't remember history are doomed to repeat it. When cordless phones and the first analog cell phones hit the market, anybody with a scanner that operated at the right frequency could easily listen to calls not intended for them. History truly does repeat it self as wireless routers first hit the market any one with a scanner could listen in on whats going across your network, just like they could with the cordless phone. Security was a major issue for companys, even home set ups of wireless networks. Though most werent aware of the problem in the beginning it did become very clear to the public as rouge individuels worked there way into the various networks. You see the way a wireless router works is by sending signals through the air with radio waves, on a frequency much higher then what phones use making them a bit harder to detect. Cause of that reason companys orginaly claimed the networks were secure cause no one had the equipment needed to listen to the information. But if you truly think about it what was the wireless router other then a receaver for that frequency, proving right there that it wasnt nearly as hard as they planned to listen in. Security with the wirless networks has come a long way over the years, but they still dont have the same securi ...

Roy Chapman Andrews - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist

Roy Chapman Andrews - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist Name: Roy Chapman Andrews Born/Died: 1884-1960 Nationality: American Dinosaurs Discovered: Oviraptor, Velociraptor, Saurornithoides; also discovered numerous prehistoric mammals and other animals About Roy Chapman Andrews Although he had a long, active career in paleontologyhe was director of the prestigious American Museum of Natural History from 1935 to 1942Roy Chapman Andrews is best known for his fossil-hunting excursions to Mongolia in the early 1920s. At this time, Mongolia was a truly exotic destination, not yet dominated by China, virtually inaccessible by mass transport, and rife with political instability. During his expeditions, Andrews used both automobiles and camels to traverse the hostile terrain, and he had a number of narrow escapes that added to his reputation as a dashing adventurer (he was later said to have been the inspiration for Steven Spielbergs Indiana Jones movies). Andrews Mongolian expeditions were not only newsworthy; they also immeasurably advanced  the worlds knowledge  about dinosaurs. Andrews discovered numerous dinosaur fossils at the Flaming Cliffs formation in Mongolia, including the type specimens of Oviraptor and Velociraptor, but today hes most famous for unearthing the first indisputable evidence of dinosaur eggs (before the 1920s, scientists were unsure if dinosaurs laid eggs or gave birth to live young). Even then, he managed to make a huge (if understandable) blunder: Andrews believed his Oviraptor specimen had stolen the eggs of a nearby Protoceratops, but in fact thisegg thief turned out to be hatching its own young! ​Oddly enough, when he embarked for Mongolia, Andrews did not have dinosaurs or other prehistoric fauna uppermost in his mind. ​Along with his fellow paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn, Andrews believed that the ultimate ancestors of humans originated in Asia, rather than Africa, and he wanted to find indisputable fossil evidence to support this theory. Although its possible that an early offshoot of hominids branched off into Asia millions of years ago, the bulk of the evidence today  is that human beings did in fact originate in Africa. Roy Chapman Andrews is most often associated with his dinosaur discoveries, but he was responsible for  excavating and/or naming a respectable number of prehistoric mammals as well, including a specimen of the giant terrestrial grazer  Indricotherium and the giant  Eocene predator Andrewsarchus (which was named by a paleontologist on one of Andrews central Asian expeditions in honor of his fearless leader). As far as we know, these two mammals were the largest terrestrial herbivore and the largest terrestrial carnivore, respectively, ever to roam the face of the earth.

RELEVENT ECONOMETRIC OUTPUTS FROM EVIEWS Assignment

RELEVENT ECONOMETRIC OUTPUTS FROM EVIEWS - Assignment Example Thus, while the beta coefficients measure the first order impacts, i.e., the slope of the partial functions, the theta coefficients measure the second order impacts or the curvature. The expected signs on these coefficients will depend upon the nature of the relationship that the variable has with sales revenue. If the true relationship that is being estimated is truly nonlinear, then the beta coefficients themselves would be functions of the corresponding independent variables. The signs would depend upon the value of the independent variable itself. For instance, a rise in price of mobile phones would lead to a certain rise in revenue if other things, in particular the number of units sold remained unaltered. However, as price rises, the demand for the product would go down thereby implying a potential fall in the overall sales. The final impact would depend upon the price elasticity of demand of the product. For lower level of sales the demand would be highly inelastic implying th at rising price would still generate increased revenue. But if the demand became elastic, then there would be a definite decline in revenue. Since demand for average mobile phones tend to be relatively inelastic, we should expect to see a positive beta coefficient and a negative theta coefficient. In case of advertising, again the beta coefficient measures the impact of a rise in advertising on total sales while the theta coefficient measures the marginal impact. We should expect that increase in advertising should stimulate additional sales. However, the incremental benefits of more advertising typically are found to be declining. In simpler terms, as there is more and more advertising, the incremental impact on sales declines. Thus, we should expect a positive beta but a negative theta coefficient for all the advertising variables. Table 1: Results of OLS regression, problem 1 Dependent Variable: REVENUE Method: Least Squares Date: 09/29/11 Time: 13:10 Sample: 1 60 Included observ ations: 60 Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.  Ã‚   C 359.1101 76.04848 4.722120 0.0000 PRICE 2.880176 1.411429 2.040609 0.0465 PRICE^2 -0.011268 0.006384 -1.765162 0.0835 TV 6.383748 3.514018 1.816652 0.0751 TV^2 -0.418966 0.359010 -1.167003 0.2486 NEWSPAPER 3.480550 2.251321 1.546003 0.1283 NEWSPAPER^2 -0.107221 0.160149 -0.669510 0.5062 RADIO 11.10707 1.184501 9.377007 0.0000 RADIO^2 -0.336564 0.053449 -6.296872 0.0000 R-squared 0.876161   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var 646.5073 Adjusted R-squared 0.856736   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.D. dependent var 30.92782 S.E. of regression 11.70626   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion 7.895606 Sum squared resid 6988.868   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion 8.209758 Log likelihood -227.8682   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. 8.018488 F-statistic 45.10326   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat 2.333861 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 2. We test the joint significances of the variables first in levels (table 2) and then in squares (table 3). Table 2: Te sting Joint significance of the variables in their levels Wald Test: Equation: Untitled Test Statistic Value  Ã‚   df  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Probability F-statistic 8.295663 (3, 51)  Ã‚   0.0001 Chi-square 24.88699 3  Ã‚   0.0000 Null Hypothesis Summary: Normalized Restriction (= 0) Value  Ã‚   Std. Err. C(2) - C(8) -8.226895 1.877380 C(4) - C(8) -4.723323 3.679021 C(6) - C(8) -7.626522 2.427360 Restrictions are linear in coefficients. The

Human Resource Information System - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Information System - - Essay Example This business is a restaurant, and it entails 300-340 employees. This means that the HRIS system that is to be put in place is that which puts more emphasis on employees. Also, the operations manager needs a system that will help him with the HR function of scheduling, recruiting and hiring of these employees. Therefore, the best human resource information system will be that of tactical HRIS. This information system is one that helps managers with support for decisions and emphasis on resource allocation. Within the human resource management, these decisions include; the analysis of the job and decisions of design, development decisions and training and plan for employee compensation decisions (knowledge base, 2012). There are two choices of the HRIS vendors that seem genuinely ok for this business and this include; the staff files pro- Atlas business solution and the Auxillian west HR software. While using the staff files pro, helps the HR manager to stock, track, retrieve and secure employee files that are confidential as well as be able to create documents of human resource. The staff files are affordable software that is to manage by everyone. The software contains a HR document that has hundreds of templates, with text that is prewritten that makes creating HR materials, easier and faster than writing them from the start. This vendor also has an audit trail that helps the HR professional to know which employee file has changed (Atlas business solution, 1995). The use of staff files pro makes it, to be comprehensive in that it will help prepare the HR managers for every situation that may come by, and it will also enhance a fair and organized workplace. Some of the examples of the staff files pro contains include; the office policies. This office policies entail; employment policies, status of employment and records, benefits of